During World War I, annual government spending in France reached unprecedented levels, accounting for 50 percent of prewar GDP. A significant portion of this spending was allocated to support war industries at a time when the country’s industrial …
This article introduces POPPocc, a harmonized occupational dataset built from the nominative population censuses of Paris for 1926, 1931, and 1936--the POPP database. Drawing on 8.5 million individual records, we standardize highly heterogeneous …
What economic benefits do individuals derive from supporting autocratic regimes? We address this question by examining members of the German Nazi Party (NSDAP) between 1920 and 1945. We expect that early joiners were more likely to gain personally …
We study how World War I's demographic shock reshaped women's work in rural France. Linking women across the 1911 and 1921 censuses in the département of Haute-Vienne and exploiting commune-level variation in military fatalities, we estimate how male …
Despite its early experiment with male suffrage, France was one of the last countries in Europe to extend the vote to women. Existing accounts of this French exceptionalism argue that members of the Radical party, which controlled the upper house, …