During the First World War in France, annual government spending reached unprecedented levels, accounting for 50 percent of GDP. A significant portion of these expenditures was allocated to support industrial warfare, at a time when the country’s …
In 1925, of the 22 countries that could be classified as democracies, only four —France, Belgium, Portugal and Switzerland— had yet to extend suffrage to women. France is an intriguing exception: as a co-belligerent in WWI, the country experienced …
Drawing on individual-level data from the 1911 and 1921 population censuses and census-linking techniques, we analyze the consequences of World War I in France on female labor force participation. Our preliminary results suggest that in …